by Roger Maduro and Ralf Schauerhammer * Translation by Eduardo Ferreyra *
Chapter 1: Natural Sources of chlorine are greater than the CFC
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| English translation of the book that in 1992 drew the ire and the anger of the international environmental corporation |
Introduction
"The sky is falling!, the sky is falling! "Chicken Pepe screams when an acorn falls on his head. Pepe Chicken Alarm spreads among Juanita Hen, Peter Peacock and others accompanying him to advise the king. On the way to find Titus Fox, taught them to believe that the shortest way to the king, led them to his cave - and straight to your dinner pot. Thus ends the original version of the story for children.
If any of the characters in this story would have Chicken Pepe asked if he had any scientific evidence even your alarm, the fox would not have achieved such a great feast.
This book is intended those who want to make this important question: Where is the evidence? Is the sky really falling? Are the CFC (chloro fluoro carbons) actually destroying the ozone layer? - Or are the victims of a sophisticated Tito Zorro?
This is precisely the situation the authors faced in 1988. One of the authors (Roger Maduro), then a believer in the theory of ozone destruction was gathering evidence to write an article demonstrating that the theory of global warming was a scientific fraud. During an interview with Reid Bryson, head of the Institute Environmental Studies in Madison, Wisconsin, the author
surprised when told he did not pay attention to the theory of ozone depletion in Antarctica because there was a volcano that injected more chlorine into the atmosphere than could the whole annual production of CFCs of all the earth, Bryson said that if the chlorine was accused of causing destruction of the ozone hole in Antarctica, then this volcano was the real culprit, not CFCs.
This information put a1 author, trained geologist, a crusade. After some phone calls to the most outstanding U.S. volcanologists confirmed what Bryson said Mount Erebus, Antarctica, pumps more than 1000 tons per day of chlorine into the air. This means that the Erebus accumulates in the atmosphere more chlorine in a week that all production of CFCs would do in a year.
This book is the result of that quest for scientific truth about ozone. Material presented questioned How most reader Basic assumptions we extensively referred scientists and posted work demonstrating Why Theory's ozone destruction scientific fraud.
Most of the 1st information may be confirmed by a visit to the nearest library that has scientific publications. As readers will notice, the new variant on the story of Pepe Chicken, is now Tito Pepe Chicken and Zorro seem to be working together to convince people that the sky is falling on them.
The giant chemical corporations, candidates to make billions of dollars to the 1st sale of the replacements for the now banned CFCs, are working with the environmental movement - which has already raised millions of dollars in fear of the destruction layer ozone. Groups U.S. environmentalists can finance the promotion of fraud and the destruction of ozone, by more than 500 million dollars a year it receives from major charitable foundations managed by the U.S. financial elite - Rockefeller, Ford, MacArthur and other foundations.
But money is not the only reason behind the fraud of ozone. Behind the drive to ban CFC - and to stop cooling - is the Malthusian idea that the world needs fewer people. that the world needs fewer people. The cost to the public caused by the ban on CFCs and other beneficial gases will be much larger than the immense gain of those who sell replacements for these chemicals. The next time the headlines announced: "The sky is falling!" people should ask "cui bono?" - Who benefits?, And start looking for the acorns that fall.
What are CFCs?
To understand the importance of the CFC should have a look at its history. The advent of electricity at the end of the 19th century dramatically changed the lifestyle of people. Parallel to the widespread use of electricity and scientific discoveries, technological and medical that occurred to late, there was a rapid increase in the lifetime of American and European populations. Provided electricity energy, not only for lighting but for entirely new technologies such as cooling of food to family homes, industry and agriculture. Food
previously spoiled by heat, were now available at any time of year and could be transported under refrigeration. Electricity made it possible for ordinary citizens could have refrigerators in their homes.
natural sources of chlorine are greater than the CFC
The theory of ozone depletion does not claim that CFCs destroy ozone, says a chlorine atom detached from the dissociation of CFCs destroying the ozone. If it were true that the chlorine in CFC could sweep away the ozone layer, then Mother Nature will appear to be suicidal. Chlorine is one of the most abundant chemicals in the atmosphere.
Natural sources of atmospheric chlorine Pygmies to become extremely small amounts of chlorine that could eventually come from the release of all CFCs from Earth. Based on scientific evidence, if indeed the chlorine was a threat to the ozone layer, then governments should put a lid on volcanoes and prohibit to evaporate seawater.
annual CFC production is currently estimated at about 1,100,000 tons, which includes 750,000 tons of chlorine. Compare this with natural sources of chlorine gas, as shown in Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1.
More than 600 million tons of chlorine are released each year into the atmosphere by evaporation of sea water containing salt (sodium chloride, NaCl). Although most of the chlorine is washed by the rains, large amounts of it reach the stratosphere through of the pumping action of storms, hurricanes, typhoons and other surges.
volcanoes that emit gases into the atmosphere passively injected more than 36 million tons of chlorine in ordinary years, when there are no volcanic eruptions. Large eruptions emit few million to hundreds of millions of tons of chlorine. More importantly, violent eruptions inject gases and particles directly into the stratosphere.
Table 1.1 Sources of atmospheric chlorine
(million tonnes per year)
| Seawater | 600.0 |
| Volcanoes | 36.0 |
| Burning biomass | 8.4 |
| Oceanic Biota | | 5.0
| Chlorine in CFCs | 0.75 |
| Chlorine theoretically released by the alleged disociaciónde the CFC molecules | 0.0075 |
8.4 million tons of chlorine gas produced by burning biomass, largely as a result of primitive farming methods, such as cut-and-burn, and lack of modern energy in developing countries is.
that are measured ocean biota, including algae, kelp and plankton emits more than 5 million tons of methyl chloride into the atmosphere, and large amounts of the biotic source of chlorine have been measured very high in the stratosphere Recent studies indicate that land plants may also contribute large amounts of methyl chloride into the atmosphere.
addition, unknown quantities of chlorine entering the Earth from outer space as a result of the rains of meteorites and cosmic dust that burn up the atmosphere.
These comparisons are much more amazing when you make between the amounts of chlorine released by CFCs supposedly and natural. According to the theory, only about 1% of annual production is dissociated in the stratosphere (The reason is that the CFC, being chemically inert, have a lifespan of more than 100 years in the atmosphere). Consequently, production of CFCs a year would help most, with 7,500 tons of chlorine into the atmosphere. In a more orthodox English, chlorine contribution made by the CFC is just one-tenth of 1% of the chlorine produced by nature. This, of course, rests on the assumption that the CFC are dissociated in the stratosphere, an assumption for which there is no observational evidence.
SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC CHLORINE (million tonnes)
Chlorine of the Antarctic Ozone Hole
One of the unique documented facts from the stories of fear of ozone, the concentrations of active forms of chlorine in the region of the so-called Antarctic ozone hole from 100 to 1,000 times higher than at the same level in adjacent areas. Therefore - conclude the propagandists - the CFC are coming to Antarctica in huge quantities and are being dissociated by ultraviolet rays and releasing the chlorine atom murderer drilling a hole in the ozone layer.
East Antarctica chlorine from CFCs only, say the propagandists of the hole, using this as the final proof that the theory is correct Rowland and Molina. Ignored theorists of ozone depletion is the fact that less than 10 miles upwind of the observation station at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, where the chlorine concentration measurements are taken, there is a volcano - Mount Erebus - began an active cycle of eruptions in 1972.
Bill Rose / Michigan Technological University
guilty of issuing daily 1,000 tons of chlorine into the atmosphere: Mount Erebus in Antarctica, located just 10 miles upwind of McMurdo Sound Station, where measurements are made ozone.
Unlike other volcanoes, Erebus erupts no and then goes for long periods of inactivity. Instead of a cauldron of lava from 2 to 8 kilometers deep inside the volcanic cone of Erebus boiler is on the surface, which means the volcano is erupting constantly. By observations made in 1988 by William Rose volcanologist at Michigan Technological University, work published in the journal Nature, has estimated that the Erebus emits more than 1,000 tons per day of chlorine into the atmosphere. This is more than 370,000 tons of chlorine, which by itself accounts for nearly half of production CFC annual worldwide (about 750,000 tons.)
Mount Erebus emissions are much more dramatic when compared with the amount of chlorine allegedly resulting from the dissociation of CFCs released into the atmosphere (7,500 ton.) On their own, the Erebus injected into the atmosphere 50 times more chlorine than the entire annual CFC production worldwide. (See Figure 1.2).
short, chlorine measured in Antarctica should be no mystery. Mount Erebus is constantly emitting a thick cloud of chlorine and other volcanic gases, the wind picks up and carries a paltry 10 miles to McMurdo Sound. There, the scientists measured with sophisticated equipment from the ground, and with complicated equipment sent balloons to heaven. The balloons are passed directly through the volcanic cloud. The most amazing of all is that no scientists report mentioned the existence of this volcano! The public has been led to believe that the existence of chlorine in Antarctica comes from the CFC.
CHLORINE RELEASE OF MT.
EREBUS COMPARED WITH CHLORINE RELEASED BY DISSOCIATION
OF CFC
(tonnes)
Figure 1.2
El Monte Erebus es aún de más interés en la historia del ozono. Está ubicado en el área de la fuerte corriente de chorro estratosférica polar, o "jet stream". Con su gran altura - 4.300 metros - una enorme porción de los cientos de miles de toneladas de cloro expelidas por el Erebus son tomadas y enviadas viento abajo por la corriente de chorro, que transporta al cloro miles de kilómetros a medida que circula por el polo. Esta veloz corriente de chorro, con vientos de hasta 400 km por meses del año, creando las condiciones dinámicas para el ciclo natural que conduce al adelgazamiento de la capa de ozono sobre la Antártida, durante un período de 80 a 60 días del año - The so-called ozone hole. (This issue will be studied in more depth in Chapter 5).
Chlorine many active volcanoes has an atmospheric lifetime of a few weeks to several months because the chlorine is dissolved in the water and returns to earth with rain. The atmosphere of Antarctica, however, is extremely dry, so that compounds of Erebus have a life span longer, before being precipitated to the ground. There is no evidence that chlorine measured in McMurdo comes from the dissociation of CFCs.
Sunlight reaches Antarctica for only six months a year, and during the other six months is very dark. During the height of summer, the sun is just a few degrees above horizon. In fact, ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Antarctic stratosphere during most of the year is very weak because it must travel great distances horizontally through the atmosphere. Therefore, do not have the energy to destroy the molecular bond strengths of CFCs in these levels.
The Role of the Volcanoes and the World Chlorine
The Case of Mount Erebus leads us to consider the broad issue of global flows of chlorine. How much chlorine is injected by volcanoes into the atmosphere, and how this manages to reach the stratosphere? During the '70s, the standard estimate for the emissions of chlorine from volcanoes were 7.6 million tons annually, according to estimates by the volcanologist OG Bartels, published in 1972. Some volcanologists claimed that volcanoes emit much greater quantities, but there was no concrete evidence of this.
The problem of measuring the emission of the volcanoes is twofold: first, the chlorine in the atmosphere is, like many other gases, extremely difficult to measure. Second, close to a volcano to measure what is coming out of it, is a matter extremely dangerous. Therefore, all estimates of the flow of gases from volcanoes are only "educated guesses."
One of the procedures used to measure the amount of chlorine and other gases emitted by volcanoes, is to estimate the chemical composition of hot magma before an eruption and then examine the chemical composition of volcanic rocks after the lava has cooled . The scientists then calculated the difference between chemical content and multiply it by the lava that was estimated from the volcano, the result is the estimate of the gases released by the volcano. Another procedure
is to analyze the content of gas samples obtained directly from the smoke plume. This is so hard to measure, in the case of chlorine, which scientists first measured the sulfur and then calculate the amount of chlorine as a relationship of sulfur emissions.
The first systematic measurements of chlorine in volcanic eruptions were made in the 70's by a volcanologist at the U.S. Geological Survey, David A. Johnston. In a paper published in Science magazine, July 1980 (Chlorine Volcanic Contributions to the Stratosphere: More Significant to the ozone than previously estimated? "), Johnston says that the true amounts of chlorine released by volcanoes can be 20 to 40 times larger than previously estimated and vastly superior to all the chlorine content of the CFC. Even these estimates may be too low, and Johnston says
"... if the rate of release of gases beneath the surface fast compared to the rate of magma ascent and eruption, then the gas may have escaped previous magma explosions had not erupted until later or perhaps not made at all. In this case, the total injections of HCl into the atmosphere and stratosphere may have been much higher than these estimates [pg. 492] "
Specifically, says Johnston, a single volcanic eruption in 1976 put more chlorine in the atmosphere that the total amount of chlorine in all CFCs produced in the world in 1976.
Until the publication of work Johnston, the emission of chlorine from volcanoes was estimated assuming that the magma contains from 0.02 to 0.025 percent (by weight) of chlorine before the eruption, and that this amount was emitted during the eruption. In his careful measurements Johnston found that the percentage of chlorine in the magma was in fact 20 to 40 times higher - 0.5 to 1.0 percent.
In discussing the effect of volcanoes on the ozone layer and climate, Johnston says that large eruptions can have a lasting impact on stratospheric ozone. Cites the example of the eruption of the Bishop Tuff, Long Valley Caldera, California, about 700,000 years ago. This rash may be injected into the stratosphere some 289 million tons of HC1, he says, the equivalent of about 570 times the total production of chlorine in CFC manufactured in 1975, around the world. " Johnston says "Clearly, the natural sources of chlorine can be very significant compared with man-made sources. "
Sea water releases more than 600 million tons of chlorine into the atmosphere each year through evaporation. most of the chlorine is washed by rain, but huge amounts of chlorine still reach the stratosphere.
Johnston sought to measure actual emissions of volcanoes from around the world but, unfortunately, died at his observation post during the eruption of Mount St. Helens in the state of Washington, in 1980.
What is the global flow of chlorine from volcanoes'? Using the analysis more detailed chlorine by David Johnston and multiplying previous estimates (7.6 million ton) produces an estimate indicates that the annual emission of chlorine from volcanoes can be between 152 and 812 million tons per year. As the actual quantities of direct action are unknown, the world's leading volcanologists conservatively estimate that annual emissions of chlorine from volcanoes are 36 million tons in the years that no major volcanic eruptions. No matter which figure is used, the basic fact remains is that the chlorine released by Mother Nature, through volcanoes, ridicules amounts of chlorine in the CFC, of \u200b\u200bhuman origin.
Moreover, when violent eruptions occur, more chlorine is injected directly into the stratosphere One such volcano was Krakatoa, near the island of Java in the Indian Ocean. Through a series of eruptions in 1883, the Krakatoa sent a shock wave that traveled seven times around the earth, and covered an area of \u200b\u200bhundreds of thousands of square miles with ash. The giant waves created by the explosion drowned more than 30,000 people in Java. Using very conservative estimates, volcanologists J. Devine, H. Sigurdson, AN Davis and S. Self (1984) estimated the Krakatoa spat over 8.6 million tons of chlorine into the atmosphere. Other volcanologists believe that the amount should have been ten times higher.
But even the mighty Krakatoa is small compared to other volcano in the Sunda volcanic arc, Indonesia - Tambora. When the Tambora exploded in 1815, about 30 cubic kilometers of its top was sprayed by injecting massive amounts of debris and ashes directly into the stratosphere The volcanic cloud reduced the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures. In northern latitudes, the years of 1815 and 1816 became known as the "year without summer, and snowed in the U.S. in the middle of what is normally the hottest part of the year.
The Tambora deposited a layer of ash is almost a meter-thickness up to 70 miles away, and released a minimum of 211 million tons of chlorine gas into the atmosphere. At the current rate of production of CFCs will lead humanity some 318 years to put chlorine in the atmosphere much like he did the drum. The explosive nature of eruptions Krakatau and Tambora ensured that a large portion of chlorine to be sent directly to the stratosphere.
So if the theory of destruction ozone by chlorine were true, such a catastrophic release of chlorine in 1815 should be completely swept the ozone layer, flooding the earth with ultraviolet rays, known as "causing skin cancers." Each and every one of the men, women and children on Earth should have suffered skin cancer. However, there is no record in the first part of the 19th century of mass extinctions of human, animal or plant caused by skin cancer or other effects of ultraviolet radiation.
The eruption of El Chichon, a volcano in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, is an indicator that large increases in stratospheric chlorine do not have a significant effect on the ozone layer. In March and April 1982, major eruptions occurred at El Chichon, which injected large amounts of gas and particles in the lower stratosphere. A coherent volcanic cloud was established very soon in a band around the Earth. Several months after the eruption, several planes flew through the volcanic plume by measuring the concentrations of gases in the stratosphere. William G.
Mankin and MT Coffey, National Center for Atmospheric Research published the results of some of these flights in the October 12 edition 1984 in the journal Science. Reported that El Chichon was introduced directly into the stratosphere more than 40,000 tons of hydrogen chloride (HC1), equivalent "to about 9% of the burden of HCI obal g!" (p. 171). In the broad band which extended the volcanic cloud, the amounts of stratospheric HC1 increased 40% over previous values.
Richard Stolarski and Ralph Cicerone, two early proponents of the fear of ozone depletion, had originally suggested in 1973 that direct injection of chlorine in the stratosphere by volcanoes could result in substantial destruction ozone. In 1974, however, they rejected this theory to launch the new fear that the chlorine boosters Space Taxi going to wipe out the ozone layer. In the Science article mentioned above, Manchon and Coffin notice this change of course and concluded that its own findings "should lead to a re-evaluation of the role that volcanoes on stratospheric chlorine chemistry." (p. 172).
On December 14, 1984, Mount Redoubt, Alaska, erupted and ash cloud disrupted air traffic, forcing the cancellation of hundreds of flights. A 747 jumbo jet flying to 9,000 meters high with 250 people aboard, lost all four engines and nearly crashed before the pilots managed to relight the engines and land safely in Anchorage.
The volcano had a series of 24 eruptions between 14 December 1989 and April 21, 1990. Each eruption created huge clouds of ash, many of whom are believed to penetrate into the stratosphere by putting the volcanic debris high into the atmosphere. Although it was impossible to measure volcanic gas emissions until March 20, 1990 (because of the pervasive darkness in Alaska), some estimates were made based on the clouds of ash and sulfuric acid which were distributed by the U.S.: the volcano sent more than 880,000 air tons of sulfur dioxide (SO,,) and an estimated 1 million tons of chlorine gas. Although there were more explosive eruptions since April 1990, Mt Redoubt is still active, releasing 300 to 500 tons of carbon dioxide and about 330-500 tons of chlorine per day.
These figures explosive gas eruptions are extremely conservative (the original estimates were in the order of 2 million tons of sulfur dioxide, only to the eruption of December), but they serve to show that Mother Nature is the worst polluters. The amount of chlorine blown into the atmosphere by the volcano, is significantly larger than the entire annual production of CFCs in the world. As noted above, the gas cloud from the volcano rose fully to the tropopause in the most explosive eruptions, and into the stratosphere several times, an amount that is uncertain because of the darkness.
However, observations of the eruption of Mt Redoubt indicated that a significant amount of volcanic chlorine was injected into the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere in late 1989 and early 1990. Volcanic chlorine, therefore, reached the ozone layer and, hence, the predictions of the theory of Rowland / Molina should have become reality in the form of massive destruction of ozone in northern latitudes, accompanied by an increase in lethal ultraviolet radiation to the inhabitants of -at least - Canada, New York, and New England in general. There was no increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of these areas. And there was the theory of ozone destruction.
However, all these pale in comparison volcanic eruptions in a recent series that began on November 17 1990 with the eruption of Mt Unzen in Japan, followed by the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in the Philippines in April 1991. One of the largest eruptions of the century, the Mount Pinatubo began as a series of earthquakes, small columns of smoke and loud explosions that led to the eruption of June 15-16, which lasted 15 hours. The volcanic plume reached more than 30 miles high, nearly half of the stratosphere, creating a huge cloud of ash that was still giving back to Earth in 1992.
Another major volcanic eruption that also went into the stratosphere was the Hudson volcano Chile, between 12 and 15 August 1991. In a curious way, the eruption of the Hudson was hardly mentioned in the media. Although it occurred on a desolate region of the Andes, caused massive environmental damage, putting more than one cubic kilometer of ash in the Patagonia region of Argentina. The deposits of more than 15 inches thick desert became almost a third of Argentina, wiping out crops and killing more than 1 million sheep.
Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, April 1991:
a major volcanic eruptions century.
In a paper published in the EOS of November 5, 1991, Scott Doiron and his colleagues estimated that the Hudson was released into the atmosphere more than 2.75 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Their estimates for the eruption of Pinatubo were almost ten times larger: 20 million tons of SO, though the figures for chlorine are not yet available [1992], both volcanoes, magmas were rich in chlorine and fluorine, which indicates that hundreds of millions of tons of chlorine and fluorine were injected directly into the stratosphere by these volcanoes.
Moreover, the eruption Mt Hudson created a volcanic plume over 2 million square kilometers traveled directly to the Antarctic. Loaded with chlorine and fluorine, the cloud arrived just in time to move around the polar vortex, at the critical moment when the annual ozone hole was forming: in the press did not mention a word about this cloud.
As a result of the eruption of Pinatubo was a catastrophic flood of new predictions, some scientists warning that the volcano would cause a reduction of 15% of the ozone layer for this winter. The villain of this story was now dioxide sulfur. In 1990, Guy Brasseur, director of the division of chemistry of the atmosphere at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, advanced a new theory of ozone destruction. According to this new challenge in the competition for the destruction of ozone, sulfur dioxide particles of the volcano will suffer a series of complex chemical reactions with other molecules, at the end of which the molecules of stratospheric chlorine reservoirs - supposedly from CFCs - would be destroyed, freeing the chlorine to engullesen vast amounts of ozone. It was never mentioned
by Brasseur the fact that it carrying the volcanic plume of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere was carrying a quantity of chlorine molecules far greater - Natural chlorine molecules. Also omitted the fact that each year there are large volcanic eruptions that cause ozone destruction - nothing but a natural phenomenon, quite common.
Volcanoes and Climate
now return to the chlorine that reaches the stratosphere through or smaller eruptions of volcanoes that emit gases passively. This is an important issue because, as noted before, even in years without major volcanic eruptions, volcanoes emit more than 86 million tons of chlorine into the atmosphere - 4800 times more chlorine than theoretically supposed released by dissociation of the CPC in the stratosphere.
proponents of the theory of ozone destruction despise the natural chlorine arguing that not a single ounce reaches the stratosphere. The profound scientific question here is not just how much of this chlorine reaches the stratosphere but also how volcanoes play a big role in the modulation of climate by changing properties "optical" in the atmosphere and therefore the amount of light solar can reach Earth.
Benjamin Franklin was the first to propose that volcanoes play an important role in climate. In a paper read before the Philosophical Society of Manchester, England on December 22, 1784, Franklin reported that he had observed reduction in the intensity of sunlight on the surface of the earth during the winter of 1783, and had developed the hypothesis the eruption of Laki in Iceland crater at the beginning of summer, had created a "haze" that was blocking the sunlight. Franklin postulated that the severe winter of 1788 -84 in the eastern U.S. and Western Europe, had been the result of the reduction in solar intensity, preventing the occurrence of the normal heating of the earth's crust during the summer.
Franklin's hypothesis was that the "haze" high altitude had been formed by the "solid" volcanic dust ejected by the explosive force of the volcano in Iceland. He said the volume and height reached by the ejected dust was in direct proportion to the explosive force of the volcano, the vertical structure of wind at the time, and location of the rash. As Franklin exhibited this work in the 18th century, scientists have assumed that only the largest and most violent explosive eruptions could cause a measurable impact on climate. As in the past two decades have made it possible to obtain samples directly from the stratosphere these assumptions have been refuted.
One of the debunkers is JD Devine, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, USA. His work in 1984 - marking a milestone in science - published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, suggests that sulfate aerosols have a much greater climate impact than the "dust" volcanic. Along with his co-authors H. Sigurdson and AN Davis found a very strong correlation between temperature changes on the surface of the Earth and the amount of sulfur released by volcanic eruptions that found no correlation with other materials ejected by volcanic explosions. This study included detailed examinations of the presence of gases had been released were estimated by several large volcanoes, including chlorine.
One of the most important work of Devine is that it is necessary to have explosive eruptions to put all this material, including chlorine in the stratosphere to affect climate. Devine's theory and his colleagues argued that the thermal structure of the atmosphere over a large lava field may be disturbed by the heat released by the volcano's surface, so that some of the released gases can rise to the stratosphere - a phenomenon they describe as "analogous to the initiation of free convection a fluid on a plate that is heated from below. " [P. 6321].
In 1984, another theory was presented by Brian Goodman, Center for Climatic Research at the University of Wisconsin. His doctoral thesis is a review of the history of the case and suggests that low-intensity volcanic activity has an impact on the climate through sources with diffuse volcanic gas. It also suggests that climate records reflect the existence of harmonic cycles of volcanic activity, influenced by solar and lunar tides. Before 1970, says Goodman, is commonly thought that only the solid particles of volcanic dust, called "tephra" has-ta could reach the stratosphere via violent eruptions. Therefore, pre-1970 studies were fixed only in the most violent eruptions to determine the impact on climate. However, he says,
"... a more moderate active eruption can produce the same total amount of offsetting emissions low emission rate with longer duration of activity. In this situation, the gaseous emissions are not directly injected into the stratosphere but are often sent to the upper troposphere where they can stay for several weeks. This allows some fraction of the original eruption are transported into the stratosphere indirectly through one of several exchange processes between the troposphere and the stratosphere. "(P. 14)
by Roger Maduro and Ralf
Schauerhammer * Translation by Eduardo Ferreyra *
Source: Myths and Scams
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