Orthodox Slavic nationalism undermined the structure of the Turkish Empire in Europe in a long process initiated in 1832 to Greek independence, and accelerated in the last third of the nineteenth century, when after the Berlin Congress 1878 Romania, Serbia and Montenegro reach full independence. In October 1908, taking advantage of disputes within the Turkish government (when the Turkish army officers Macedonia impose the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, the nationalist movement and "modernizing" of the "Young Turks") Austria formally annexed Bosnia, and Bulgaria is governed by the Tsar Ferdinand I proclaimed his full unification with the principality of Eastern Rumelia, and rejected the servitude that provided so far to the Turkish Empire.
In 1907 he proposed a project to build a railroad Austrian to the important port of Thessaloniki (entoces even Turkish), this railway, in the image of many other built in Africa and Asia, was conceived as a tool economic penetration and colonial policy. Besides controlling the production of the Western Balkans to dominate the main means of transport, would serve to Servia isolating the Mediterranean Sea and prevent its expansion into the Turkish provinces of Novi Pazar and Albania.
This ambitious plan was suspended by the Austrians in September 1908 when its foreign minister L. von Aehrenthal appease the Russians preferred to evacuate the Austrian garrisons in Novi Pazar present to get their acquiescence formal annexation of Bosnia (Austrian protectorate since 1878 but considered Turkish province), a terrible blow to pan-claims Serbian. Acquiescence soon envisioned as a miscalculation by the Russian foreign minister Isvolski, exasperated as his proteges in Belgrade, the Russian government was quick to recant but found the fait accompli of the annexation in October 1908. Russian displeasure increased checking his own military impotence pressure due to the weakness of its armed forces and French inhibition not see themselves with military force to crash at that time with Germany, which pushed directly to Russia to give his assent to the Austrian annexation of Bosnia. Russia and Serbia had to resign, but his hostility against Austria and Germany increased at its peak. Tsar Nicholas II himself stated publicly: " Get ready because in the future will be inevitable confrontation with the Germans ." The other major perderdor Turkey was impotent at whose expense it calmed the tensions of other nations.
Turkish vulnerability was exposed again despite the efforts of the new cabinet in Istanbul to search for sponsorship German German Chancellor B. von Bülow fund must strive to reconcile their alliance "Nibelung" with Austria and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire during the Bosnian crisis. The final evacuation of Novi Pazar to Austria in June 1909 seemed to calm the waters of time. PHOTO . B. Von Bulow, GERMAN CHANCELLOR 1900 to 1909.
remained During 1910 a quiet atmosphere in international relations, apparently, because he kept the rearmament of France and Russia, the Duma adopted pro-tsarist large budgets for those years strengthening its military device ("Great Plan"), to the point The German strategists calculated that if this plan came to finish the course of a slow Russian mobilization would have been transformed in 1917 into an immediate mobilization ...
new disturbances appeared in 1911; second Moroccan crisis between Berlin and Paris after the Agadir incident was resolved with the French protectorate in Morocco everything (except the northern Rif under control English) and a border rectification in central Africa for the German colony of Cameroon after some difficult deals made by the French Prime Minister Caillaux. Unwelcome in France, these agreements undermined the position of Caillaux and strengthened the warmongers in the next election. PHOTO . J. Caillaux, CARE INSTRUCTIONS PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH.
partly inspired by the extension of French power in North Africa, the Italians in September 1911 decided to expand his small empire occupying colonial Tripoli and Cyrenaica (Libya) both theoretical provinces Turkish Empire Ottoman action had the consent of the other powers (Germany, again with the dilemma of not offending two possible allies, and the indifference of France and England) First Turkish opposition Italians extended their operations to the European part of the seizing Dodecanese archipelago in the Aegean in May 1912. PHOTO . Italian troops landed during the Dodecanese OCCUPATION.
Meanwhile, in the spring of 1912, Bulgaria and Serbia, encouraged by Russian diplomacy agreed to work together through a "Balkan League " in the event of breakdown of power Turkey in Europe, with the subsequent integration of Greece and Montenegro, in October 1912 into action the armies of the League: Victorious Serbs in Kumanovo pushing the Adriatic, to Durazzo assisted by the Montenegrins, and also to the south by the Valley of the Vardar in Macedonia. The Greeks attacked from the south Macedonia won a decisive victory to take the port of Salonica on November 8, since so disorganized Turkish defense left in Albania and Macedonia. Bulgarians for their part were planted just 40 kilometers from Istanbul after defeating the Turks in the battle of Kirk-kilisse and Luleburgaz, but were stopped by a makeshift network of trenches before entering the big city Bosphorus. However, had taken much of Thrace and reached the Aegean Sea.
Since early 1913 the diplomacy and threats of intervention by the group of great powers imposed a reprimand reflected in the London conference. Austria-Hungary who had returned to Novi Pazar penetrate proposed the creation of an independent Albanian state isolated from the sea keep the Serbian state, while invoking the national principle, arguing that the Serbs had no right to control as it was a distinct population Albanians.
FOTO.OFICIALES BULGARIAN pose for the camera during the Siege of Adrianople (EDIRNE) IN THE FIRST BALKAN WAR.
The idea of \u200b\u200ban independent Albania stalled and was successively supported by Italy, Britain and Germany, making the typical balancing act, the May 30, 1913 was issued the peace treaty of London which enshrined the end of Turkish rule in Europe, now controlled only a narrow strip around the Sea of \u200b\u200bMarmara and its capital Istanbul (Constantinople) was a frontier town. A tough blow for the "Young Turks" in power, on the other hand, the treaty establishing the division of spoils, Serbia enlarged thanks to Kosovo, Bulgaria, with most of Thrace and Greece and Thessaloniki and southern Epirus. The fate of Macedonia, divided equally among the three partners in Sofia profudamente upset Fernando I and the Bulgarian government and that the claimed in its entirety because it hoped to rebuild the "Big Bulgaria" screened at the San Stefano treaty 45 years ago.
In a strategic pirouette War II began Balkan, Bulgaria attacked by surprise in June 1913 to his two former allies that had worked just a month ago, but their armies were repelled and then completely defeated in July by the opportunistic intervention against Turkey and Romania. Austria-Hungary considered intervening in the midst of this scramble against Romania and Serbia, and sought diplomatic support to Bulgaria, but was discouraged in the opposite direction by German Chancellor Bethman-Hollweg.
Against this background, Bulgaria had to resign themselves to sign treaties Bucharest and Istanbul , accepting the loss of Edirne (Adrianople) and Dobrudja Amen to give up Macedonia. There was a relative relaxation in the winter of 1913-14, when Greece and Serbia withdrew its forces outside the borders assigned to Albania after Italian and Austrian pressure.
MAP. BALKAN WAR II
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